OAuth is the standard behind every "Allow this app to access your account" screen. Instead of giving an app your password, you approve a specific request on the platform's own consent page, and the platform hands the app a credential it can use on your behalf.
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How the flow works
The app sends you to the platform (Instagram, X, Google) to log in and approve a list of permissions, called scopes. If you accept, the platform issues the app an access token that works only for those scopes. You can revoke it at any time without changing your password.
Go from the definition to the docs that show how to apply it.
Primary solution Connect an Instagram account